Kyosho Motor
Kyosho Motor
Kyosho ST Racing Motor?
or its Kyosho GT Racing Motor i dont no but its one of them if you no this is it any good and is it fast or good for drifting.
its in a tamiya tb 01
don’t ask us. go to www.rcgroups.com. they have a section specifically for what you are talking about.
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New RACERS EDGE Infrared Mini Temp Gun Popular High Quality Practical Modern Design Exquisite $62.54 100% safe & secure shopping; Superior customer service…. |
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Savox SA-1283SG Super Torque Steel Gear Standard Digital Servo $99.99 Savox Technologies Standard Size Ball Bearing Coreless Digital Servo Unique Steel Gear .13/416 @ 6.0v. #SA-1283SG Notes: This is the Savox SA-1283SG Super Torque Steel Gear Digital Servo. Features: Combines leading edge technology with super high 12 bit (4096) resolution and unique steel gears. Super light-weight. Coreless motor provides high speed, incredible efficiency, and low power consump… |
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Savox SC-1256TG High Torque Titanium Gear Standard Digital Servo $75.99 Savox Technologies Standard Size Ball Bearing Digital Servo Titanium and Aluminum Metal Gear .15/277 @ 6v. #SC-1256TGSpecifications:Motor: CorelessSpline: 25TGear: Titanium & AluminumCase: Plastic upper & lower, Aluminum Heatsink Center caseDim. (LxWxH): 40.3x20x37.2mmWeight: 52.4gm.Torque: @4.8v – 16.0kg. @6.0v – 20.0kg/277.6oz-inTransit Time 60deg.: @4.8v – 0.18sec @6.0v – 0.15secVoltage range: … |
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Savox SB-2271SG Ultra Torque Brushless Steel Gear Standard Digital Servo High Voltage $149.95 Savox Technologies Standard Size Ball Bearing Brushless Digital Servo Unique Steel Gear .065/277 @ 7.4v. #SB-2271SG Notes: This is the Savox SA-2271SG Ultra Torque High Speed Brushless Steel Gear Digital Servo. Features: Combines leading edge technology with super high 12 bit (4096) resolution and unique steel gears. Super light-weight. Brushless motor provides high speed and torque, incredible… |
Radio Control Submarine
Radio Control Submarine
RC Car Toys
RC car toys are popular, but they have managed to somehow stay under most people’s's radars, which is sad, because they are a lot of fun. RC stands for radio controlled, that means that the cars are managed by way of a controller connected wirelessly to the vehicle itself.
essentially, while this article is going to focus on RC cars, there are RC planes, RC choppers, RC boats, RC submarines and even RC tanks and RC bulldozers. Essentially, if it moves, someone has taken the time to miniaturize it and adapt it for radio control.
RC car toys come in a variety of price ranges and levels of complexity. You can get miniscule double AA battery powered automobiles with extremely simple controls or cars with gas engines that cost thousands of bucks, and everything in between so there are RC cars for any level of interest.
If you really become an RC enthusiast, there are numerous RC racing leagues around, where you can put your car up against others in races. This is a cool sport, in that you get to have the excitement of racing and driving fast with no risk of injury.
The cars are also awfully customizable, so you can make the automobiles do more or less whatever you like. In truth, a large amount of the automobiles you will find in RC racing leagues are fully custom built, unique designs. There are tons of hobby stores, both bricks and mortar and on the internet, where you can purchase parts to build an auto that’s 100 p.c your design.
This is actually a good thing, although you may not want to tell your youngsters, because you’ve got an opportunity for some stealth education. Coming up with and building an RC vehicle is a way to be in a position to spend some time with your youngsters, and it could be a great way to teach practical abilities at the same time.
In general, RC car toys are a cool alternative to Nintendo games and other indoor activities, and there are tons of resources available to help you get into the sport professionally, or simply to have some jollies.
About the Author
Bert Jacobs enjoys playing rc cars and is excited to buy his own RC Car Toys.
how was Nazi Germany so advanced during ww2?
everything they was researching and developed is today’s modern tech not much has been developed since.
they made radio controlled missile similar to the cruise missile they made a plane that looked very much like the stealth bomber they made the submarine the v2 rocket and was developing a nuclear bomb how was those scientists so far ahead of there time. and why did America get to take them all to the u.s afterwords all ailed nations should of had access to there tech and also pretty much all the tec i have mentioned was made by the us shortly after ww2 and in the 1950s UFO sightings all over the u.s i think America have way more advanced tech than what they appear to have
The greatest minds, which is why the socialist, Roosevelt got jealous and made a deal with the Japanese to attack Hawaii so he could declare war on Germany
German Emden U16 submarine Radio Control
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Radio Controlled Submarine Water Toy for Swimming Pool & Beach $39.95 Your kids will have a blast with this remote controlled submarine. This sub will climb and dive below the water surface as well as turn left and right. Comes complete with search light and long range transmitter. Explore the depths of your pool day or night with our versatile R.C. Sub…. |
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InkPlusToner CHT-J0301 6CH Mini Radio Remote Control Submarine (8875) $39.99 Type of Packing: Color Box. Package Includes: User Manual, Remote Controller…. |
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23 Balaenoptera Musculus Radio Remote Control Racing Boat (colors may vary) $29.70 This brand new High Speed Dual Motors radio remote controlled RC racing boat is powered by high performance dual 380 size engine to achieve the fastest speed. Its V-hull is designed for high speed performance. Fully functional radio control system provides smooth and responsive handling experience. Dimension: 23″ x 8″ x 6″ (L x W x H) Equipped with: -7.2V rechargeable battery pack -AC charger -Rem… |
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Swimline Radio Control Submarine – 49MHz $39.99 Climbs and dives below water surface and turns left or right. Complete with search light and long range transmitter controller…. |
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Swimline RC Submarine – 27 MHz $33.19 Climbs and dives below water surfaceTurns left and rightComplete with Search light and long range transmitter 49 MHz Frequency… |
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SSN-21 Seawolf $30.95 Torpedoes Bearing One-Five-Zero! You know somewhere out there, lurking inthe blackest depths, a Russian Hunter/Killer lies waiting. SONAR reports detecting the mechanical whine of slowly spinning propellers. The contact grows louder with every heartbeat. You rig for combat and flood tubes. Suddenly a spread of homing torpedoes in your wake. The SSN-21 Seawolf is the most sophisticated nuclear atta… |
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Silent Hunter: Wolves of the Pacific $5.98 In Silent Hunter 4: Wolves of the Pacific you’ll hunt, hide and kill as you take command of U.S. submarines and crews and navigate the treacherous waters of the Pacific during WWII. It’s the next-generation naval warfare simulation with graphical realism, immersive gameplay, innovative crew evolution, and more action than ever before. Dive into instant actions’ and single patrols for a quick f… |
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Jane’s Combat Simulations: Fleet Command $5.00 The world’s mightiest arsenals are under your complete control in Jane’s Fleet Command, the most realistic naval strategy simulation ever created. You give the orders and the entire battle group–fast frigates, Aegis guided missile cruisers, nuclear submarines, nuclear-powered aircraft carriers and each plane on them–follows your command. A combat direction screen allows you to survey the whole o… |
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Model Submarine Technology … |
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RC Vehicles Gear Guide $2.99 Remote control vehicles are something both the young and old can enjoy. If you want to bring out the kid in you, RC vehicles Gear Guide can just be the perfect thing you’ve been looking for! RC Vehicles Gear Guide is equipped with rich info about the types of RC Vehicles, Toy-grade and Hobby-grade RC Vehicles, Kit or Ready-To-Run, On-Road and Off-Road Vehicles, Gas-powered and Electric-powered RC … |
Radio Controlled Boat
Radio Controlled Boat
Adding radio controls my home made boat?
Okay… I have a boat and already a motor, but are there any noob kits on the market or guides out and about to explain it all? Is it as simple as connecting a receiver to my motor, and off I go with the controlling? Please shed some light on the whole idea….
You will need to buy Radio Control outfit on 40mhz band. (Only model aircraft allowed on 35mhz band). If not in UK these bands may differ. You will get transmitter, receiver, often rechargeable batteries/charger and typically 2 servo motors. These plug into the receiver and operate a control – in your case the rudder. To control the electric motor you can use the second servo to throw a switch but its much better to use an electronic speed controller which will give variable speed control and if you buy one for a boat/car will have reverse function too. Why not buy Model Boats mag from newsagent or look at their website ?
Alligator chases RC Boat
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9.6V Turbo Battery Pack/Charger $24.99 Every aficionado of radio-controlled vehicles knows how expensive perpetually replacing disposable batteries can be. There is a better way. Tyco’s Turbo Premium ni-cad Battery Pack and Charger for 9.6-volt R/C vehicles allows up to 1,000 charges on a single pack. Charging takes just 4 hours from a standard 110/120-volt outlet. Tyco backs their claim that the Turbo 9.6-volt battery pack is the … |
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Cabo Chips Natural Gourmet Corn Tortilla Chips … |
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Topo USA 8.0 National Edition $63.99 Topo USA 8.0America’s Most Up-to-Date Feature-Rich Topographic SoftwareNEW! Updated highway street back road and trail detailNEW! Highways and streets for Canada major roads for MexicoNEW! Paperless geocaching with DeLorme Earthmate PN-Series GPS receiversNEW! Voice navigation for PCs UMPCs touchscreen phones and PDAsThe most current available USGS terrain and land cover dataAutomatic road and tra… |
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Jane’s Combat Simulations: Fleet Command $5.00 The world’s mightiest arsenals are under your complete control in Jane’s Fleet Command, the most realistic naval strategy simulation ever created. You give the orders and the entire battle group–fast frigates, Aegis guided missile cruisers, nuclear submarines, nuclear-powered aircraft carriers and each plane on them–follows your command. A combat direction screen allows you to survey the whole o… |
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Sunforce 11240 1000 Watt Pure Sine Wave Inverter with Remote Control $191.73 The Sunforce 11240 1000-Watt Pro Series Pure Sine Wave Inverter converts DC power into clean, stable AC power that is ideal for running home appliances, pumps, and motors. It provides 2000 Watts of peak surge power to get your gear started, and 1000 Watts of continuous power to keep it running. Pure Sine Wave inversion guarantees optimum compatibility with sensitive equipment, computers, motors, t… |
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Jet Net Radio Controlled Boat Skimmer Water Toy for Swimming Pool & Beach $139.95 Your kids will love to clean the pool with Jet Net. This speedy boat tools around your pool and picks up leaves, bugs, seeds and anything else on the surface and captures it in the enclosed net. Simply lift the skimmer net from the boat to clean and reinstall for more cleaning…. |
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Remote Control Electric Bait Boat Fish Finder Detector $431.25 Attention: All fishers, anglers, fly fisher, surf casters, etc, let our new RC Fishing Boat with Bait Casting improve your fishing experience by taking your bait to the best spots, then conveniently unloading it at the easy of one button press, so you can keep dry and not miss a sip of beer. Really? How does it work? |
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Schumacher SSC-1500A Ship ‘n Shore SpeedCharge Charger with included battery clamps $46.54 SpeedCharge Ship N’ Shore high frequency charger. 2A/10A/15A charger. 75A clamps for top and side mounted battery posts. Electronic push button controls. Easy to feel switches for selection of display mode, charge rate, or battery type. Microprocessor controlled, thermal runaway protection, and safety start. Charging status LED’s. 2A slow charge for charging small batteries and maintaining large o… |
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Fusion MS-RA200G AM/FM/VHF Weather Band Stereo $199.99 50W x 4 2 Zone Marine StereoThe MS-RA200 is FUSION Electronics latest offering in marine audio entertainment packed with features and functions that actually enhance the boating experience. Specifically designed to withstand the harsh marine environment – water wind salt and sun. The True Marine accredited MS-RA200 Marine Stereo delivers an assurance of quality functionality and continued performa… |
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Radio Control in Model Boats $11.55 … |
Electric Submarine Models
Electric Submarine Models
Why not Diesel/Electric?
I got to thinking about the technology that was used in the 1960s on the ‘Oberon Class’ DE Submarines.
Dual fuelling isn’t a new technology , surely they can re-invent a scaled down engineering model with smaller components to use in modern vehicles.
Used long before the Oberons. In the 1920s with US and German fleets. Be that as it may, where are you going to mount the snorkel?
U209 Submarine Class-υποβρυχιο τυπου 209
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Rheem RTG-64DVN Direct Vent Indoor Series Natural Gas 6.4 GPM Tankless Water Heater $1,160.00 Next Generation Burner Technology EZ-Link Cable Available For High Demand Applications to Connect Two Tankless Units to Operate as One Manifold Up to 6 Units with an Optional MIC-6 Manifold Control Board Exclusive! Guardian OFW Overheat Film Wrap All Rheem Tankless Models Are Third-Party Efficiency Certified by GAMA Continuous Hot Water, Energy Saving and Compact, Space Saving Design Intelligent E… |
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Sea Doo Dolphin Sea Scooter $152.99 No more flapping your fins… zoom through the water with the Sea-Doo Seascooter Dolphin! SAVE BIG! Give those webbed feet a rest. Glide through the water like a dolphin with the lightest and most efficient personal water propellers in the world! Great for pool, lake or sea. The compact Dolphin model is great for kids and adults alike (ages 8 and up)! You’ll be drowning in dough… the retail has … |
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23 Balaenoptera Musculus Radio Remote Control Racing Boat (colors may vary) $29.70 This brand new High Speed Dual Motors radio remote controlled RC racing boat is powered by high performance dual 380 size engine to achieve the fastest speed. Its V-hull is designed for high speed performance. Fully functional radio control system provides smooth and responsive handling experience. Dimension: 23″ x 8″ x 6″ (L x W x H) Equipped with: -7.2V rechargeable battery pack -AC charger -Rem… |
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1/360 German Bismarck Military Battleship Radio Control Boat R/C Ready to Run $31.98 New 1:360 Radio Control Military Battleship R/C RTR This is a fantastic looking and fun remote control US NAVY BATTLESHIP DESTROYER Boat. Measures a long 28 inch with full function remote control. Utilizes a powerful high speed motor that sounds as good as it looks. Professional large torsion propeller. Large capability rechargeable battery means longer run time. Super Quality and Design for fun f… |
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110-120 Volt AC Quick-Fill Electric Air Pump $39.99 This Electric Air Pump uses 110-120 Volt AC house current and includes detachable accordion hose with three interconnecting nozzles. It’s perfect for large inflatables such as pools, boats and other large inflatable toys…. |
Kyosho Helicopter Parts
Kyosho Helicopter Parts
dose someone know where i can fine a part for a kyosho concept30 helicopter part number 3028. jerry bar1@aol.c?
eBay?
craiglist?
Hobby Yacht
Hobby Yacht
Starting a Mortgage Company but I need to know when the Hobby Rule makes me unable to deduct the loss?
The IRS has a “Hobby Rule” make money 3 out of 5 years.
What happens if you lose money 4 of 5 years? or lose 5 of 5 years. If you own a yacht charter fishing business, that is one thing but what about a startup company like Mortgage that is not fun!
The hobby loss rules are not hard and fast rules. The IRS leaves a lot of room for interpretation in determining whether a business is considered a “hobby” subject to the hobby loss rules. You really have to look at the facts and circumstances of each particular case to see whether the IRS will consider the business a hobby or a true business. Some of the facts they may consider is:
1. Do you have a storefront (i.e. separate business location) and not working from your home?
2. Is this your sole source of income or do you have a “day job” to pay the bills?
3. Does the business require a specialized license (i.e. real estate license or certification) or specialized knowledge?
4. Is the business set up as a “true” separate entity (also covers separate business location, separate business accounts, DBA license, paying payroll taxes, etc.)?
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A beautiful green and gold colour yacht cuts through the waves in the evening Photo Mugs A beautiful green and gold colour yacht cuts through the waves in the evening sunlight off Falmouth, Cornwall, UK. A beautiful green and gold colour yacht cuts through the waves in the evening sunlight off Falmouth, Cornwall, UK Copyrighted Work Silverport Pictures… |
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Sailing BOAT on sunny day Photo Mugs ME-1278 Sailing BOAT on sunny day Wadden, Netherlands Johan De Meester Please note that prints are for personal display purposes only and may not be reproduced in any way. contact details prints ardea tel 020 8672 2067…. |
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Mega Toys … |
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Happy Sailing Card 5 x 7 inch premium quality folded paper greeting card. Greeting Card Universe offers the largest selection of Clubs / Associations cards on the web. Send a paper card to your friends and family this year. Send a paper Clubs / Associations card from Greeting Card Universe this year. This paper card includes the following themes: Sailing, Boats, and Hobbies. Greeting Card Universe has the best Hobbi… |
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A sailing boat to say Happy birthday from us all Card 5 x 7 inch premium quality folded paper greeting card. Birthday greeting cards & photo cards are available at Greeting Card Universe. Birthday cards are always more memorable when they are sent the old-fashioned way. Look no further than Greeting Card Universe for your birthday card needs. This paper card includes the following themes: sail, yacht, and boat. Set your birthday cards apart this year… |
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sailing Card 5 x 7 inch premium quality folded paper greeting card. Greeting Card Universe offers the largest selection of birthday cards on the web. Send a paper card to your friends and family this year. Look no further than Greeting Card Universe for your birthday card needs. This paper card includes the following themes: sail, yacht, and boat. Greeting Card Universe offers custom General cards so that ever… |
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A ShipShapeMotorBoat – Predictive Motorboat Maintenance Software $29.95 Most of us plan to maintain our motorboat regularly. We know it adds to our safety and that of our crew. We know it makes boating more efficient and more enjoyable. We know it enhances the value of our boat. We know it can save us a fortune in repair bill. But how often do we actually do it? Sometimes? Never? A ShipShapeMotorBoat can help you change all that. Its Predictive Motorboat Maintenance P… |
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A ShipShapeSailboat – Predictive Sailboat Maintenance Software $29.95 Most of us plan to maintain our sailboat regularly. We know it adds to our safety and that of our crew. We know it makes sailing more efficient and more enjoyable. We know it enhances the value of our boat. We know it can save us a fortune in repair bill. But how often do we actually do it? Sometimes? Never? A ShipShapeSailboat can help you change all that. Its Predictive Sailboat Maintenance Pr… |
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AFK Yacht! downloadable Software This is a dice game similar to The Yacht Game (aka yahtzee). Single, double and triple column games supported. Features: – Single, Double and Triple column games – Up to 4 players (same device) – Colors configurable per player – High Scores for each game type – Undo – click the wrong box? forgot to hold a dice? fix it with undo! – Auto save – game is restored exactly as it was if you … |
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30 RC SYMA Century Boat Radio Remote Control R/C Racing Yacht with Display Stand $29.50 30″ RC SYMA Century Boat Radio Remote Control Racing Yacht with Display Stand - Professional Large Torsion Propeller - Large Capacity Rechargeable Battery - Powerful High Speed Motor - Ready to Run out of the Box - Standard Sub C 7.2V rechargeable Ni-Cd pack - Speed: up to 20 mph - Running time: up to 30 minutes - Range: Up to 300 feet - Dimension: 30″(L) x 8″(W) x 7″(H)… |
Kyosho Rc Boat
Kyosho Rc Boat
rc boat kyosho ep airstreak 500
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7.2V Tenergy 3000mAh Flat NiMH High Power Battery Packs with Tamiya Connectors for RC Cars $16.99 Features and Benefits * High Capacity High Power Nickel Metal Hydride Battery Pack for RC cars. |
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Savox SC-1258TG Super Speed Titanium Gear Standard Digital Servo $67.99 Savox Technologies Standard Size Ball Bearing Digital Servo, Titanium and Aluminum Metal Gear .08/167 @ 6v. #SC-1258TGSpecifications:Motor: CorelessSpline: 25TGear: Titanium & AluminumCase: Plastic upper & lower, Aluminum Heatsink Center caseDim. (LxWxH): 40.3x20x37.2mmWeight: 52.4gm.Torque: @4.8v – 9.6kg./133.3oz-in @6.0v – 12.0kg/166.6oz-inTransit Time 60deg.: @4.8v – 0.10sec @6.0v – 0.08secVolt… |
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Two 7.2V 3800mAh High Power NiMH Batteries with A 7.2V-12V Smart Charger $57.99 FEATURES AND BENEFITS BATTERY PACK * High Capacity 7.2V 3800mAh Nickel Metal Hydride RC Battery Pack. |
Nikko Remote Control Submarine
Nikko Remote Control Submarine
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Nikko Sea Wolf Submersible RC Submarine This is so very fun! Great for kids and big kids alike! Nikko radio controlled Sea Wolf submersible submarine will keep you entertained. Has multiple frequancies for competition racing… |
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Radio Control Submarine This Nikko America Inc. Submarine is Radio Controlled. Forward, Reverse, Steer, Dive and Surface Functions. Solid, Waterproof Construction. Actual Speed Up to 2 MPH. 1/20 Scale – 20-1/2 inches long…. |
Radio Controlled Submarines
Radio Controlled Submarines
how do I receive tv signals from an underwater radio controlled model submarine?
Are there special antennas?
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Radio Controlled Submarine Water Toy for Swimming Pool & Beach $39.95 Your kids will have a blast with this remote controlled submarine. This sub will climb and dive below the water surface as well as turn left and right. Comes complete with search light and long range transmitter. Explore the depths of your pool day or night with our versatile R.C. Sub…. |
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InkPlusToner CHT-J0301 6CH Mini Radio Remote Control Submarine (8875) $39.99 Type of Packing: Color Box. Package Includes: User Manual, Remote Controller…. |
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23 Balaenoptera Musculus Radio Remote Control Racing Boat (colors may vary) $29.70 This brand new High Speed Dual Motors radio remote controlled RC racing boat is powered by high performance dual 380 size engine to achieve the fastest speed. Its V-hull is designed for high speed performance. Fully functional radio control system provides smooth and responsive handling experience. Dimension: 23″ x 8″ x 6″ (L x W x H) Equipped with: -7.2V rechargeable battery pack -AC charger -Rem… |
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Swimline Radio Control Submarine – 49MHz $39.99 Climbs and dives below water surface and turns left or right. Complete with search light and long range transmitter controller…. |
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Swimline RC Submarine – 27 MHz $33.19 Climbs and dives below water surfaceTurns left and rightComplete with Search light and long range transmitter 49 MHz Frequency… |
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Jane’s Combat Simulations: Fleet Command $5.00 The world’s mightiest arsenals are under your complete control in Jane’s Fleet Command, the most realistic naval strategy simulation ever created. You give the orders and the entire battle group–fast frigates, Aegis guided missile cruisers, nuclear submarines, nuclear-powered aircraft carriers and each plane on them–follows your command. A combat direction screen allows you to survey the whole o… |
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Model Submarine Technology … |
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Simply Model Submarines TPNSIMP2 $215.96 Simply Model Submarines… |
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Marine Modelling International: Submarine Special $42.19 … |
Radio Controlled Submarine
Radio Controlled Submarine
Control of Public Distribution System Using GPS, GIS, Remote Sensing With Data Mining & RFID
I.Introduction
Public distribution system (PDS), a major instrument of the Indian government’s economic policy, procures and distributes major commodities such as wheat, rice, sugar and kerosene to a large number of people living in India through Fair Price Shops (FPS). It also ensures the availability of food to the general public at affordable price. It helps in eradicating poverty and intends to serve as a safety net for the 330 million Indian poor people, who are nutritionally at risk. PDS is one of the largest supply chain networks in the world with 4.99 lakh Fair Price Shops (FPS) and is operated under the joint responsibility of the central and the state government. PDS supply chain consists of several central and state government bodies, private industries, farmers, warehouses and transportation agencies. Central and state government is responsible for procurement, storage, transportation and distribution of products. Though the PDS supply chain provides food to vast majority of the Indian population, we should accept the fact that the whole chain is exploited by mismanagement, corruption and anti-social elements. Though enough produce are procured and distributed by PDS, the beneficiaries often find difficulties in getting what they are entitled to. This mismanagement and corruption is the indicator of inefficiency in PDS supply chain and distribution systems. In order to overcome these deficiency, in this paper we have suggested a model using GPS, GIS, Spatial data mining techniques & RFID [1, 7, 14]. The use of these technologies could help PDS to curtail. II.Technologies
A. Global Positioning System (GPS) GPS, short for Global Positioning System, is a means for locating any point on the earth[13]. It has many uses; navigation, surveying, vehicle tracking, hiking and outdoor recreation just to name a few. In the 1970s the Department of Defense (DoD) conceived the idea of GPS. It was born from a need to accurately determine the position of ballistic missile submarines prior to launching missiles. All the old methods of determining position had their flaws. Those methods were affected by atmospheric conditions, limited in range, subject to enemy jamming, or degraded by interference.The GPS system is made of 24 NAVSTAR satellites and five ground stations. The ground stations are responsible for keeping the satellites in precise orbit. The DoD placed each of the 24 satellites in a precise orbit at an altitude of 10,900 miles. Each satellite weighs two tons, is 18.5 feet long, and orbits the earth in a little less than 12 hours. FIG: 1 shows the working of GPS.
B. A Geographic Information System (GIS) It is a tool that uses the power of the computer to pose and answer geographic questions. The user guides the program to arrange and display data about places on the planet in a variety of ways – including maps, charts and tables. The hardware and software allows the users to see and interact with data in new ways by blending electronic maps and databases to generate color-coded displays. Users can zoom in and out of maps freely; add layers of new data, and study detail and relationships [12, 13].
C. Remote sensing It is the science and art of obtaining information about a phenomenon without being in contact with it[12]. Remote sensing deals with the detection and measurement of phenomena with devices sensitive to electromagnetic energy such as: Light (cameras and scanners) Heat (thermal scanners) Radio Waves (radar).
GIS and remote sensing both are correlated to each other. Without remote sensing, GIS is nothing because GIS used Remote sensing data. In GIS, there are two uses of use of remote sensing data; as classified data and as image data. Remote Sensing is defined as the science and technology by which the characteristics of objects of interest can be identified, measured or analyzed the characteristics without direct contact.
Electro-magnetic radiation, which is reflected or emitted from an object, is the usual source of remote sensing data. However any media such as gravity or magnetic fields can be utilized in remote sensing. A device to detect the electro-magnetic radiation reflected or emitted from an object is called a “remote sensor” or “sensor”. Cameras or scanners are examples of remote sensors. A vehicle to carry the sensor is called a “platform”. Aircraft or satellites are used as platforms.
D.Spatial data mining The remote sensing concept is illustrated in figure 2 where three different objects are measured by a sensor in a limited number of bands with respect to their, electro-magnetic Spatial data mining, i.e., extracting useful information from huge amounts of data, is highly relevant to applications in which the tremendous data volumes are involved [1], thus exceeding human analytical capabilities. Data mining is no longer restricted to the relational databases alone. Spatial data mining is proving to be a promising technique, and holds the key to solving several challenging issues concerning spatial databases [2]. Data Mining offers intelligent functionalities and works well with complicated algorithms, such as, neural networks, rule induction, decision trees, and genetic algorithms and constantly updates its models based on self-learning[10]. Some of the widely accepted and applied methodologies of spatial data mining include Association Rules, Characteristic Rules, Discriminated Rules, Classification, Clustering and Trend Detection [11].The following sentences briefly illustrate the aforesaid data mining methodologies. 1. Association Rules: The notion of association rules was put forward by Agrawal etal. [1993] in a study of mining large transaction databases. The structure of an association rule is: A B(c %), where A and B are predicate sets and c% is the confidence level. For instance, an example association rule is: If the city is large, the probability of its being near to a river is 80%. 2. Characteristic Rules: These are rules concerning the characteristics of the mined objects and these are rules formulated by specialists and may not be completely appropriate. An example of a characteristic rule is: A bridge is an object that is present at the location where a road crosses a river. 3. Discriminatory Rules: These are rules that aim to differentiate between groups of objects by finding features that are close to one cluster and far-off from another. Such a rule is applied to find the differences between cities with high and low unemployment rates. 4. Classification rules: These rules classify a pixel into one of the given set of classes, e. g. water, field, forest. IF population of city = high AND economic power of city = high THEN unemployment of city is classified as” low”. 5. Clustering: Clustering involves grouping pixels into similarity classes based on spectral characteristics. An example is to find clusters of cities with similar levels of unemployment [3]. 6. Trend Detection: Trend detection refers to looking for similarity in prototype among the mined objects. An example of trend detection may be as follows: when moving away from Brno, the unemployment rate increases. 7. Sequential Pattern: These are used to detect sequences of events or values, such as stock and share values, business transactions etc. we can use Rule- and Motif-based Anomaly Detection in moving objects. Using this model object trajectories are expressed using discrete pattern fragments called motifs [15, 16]. Associated features are extracted to form a hierarchical feature space, which facilitates a multi-resolution view of the data. We can develop a general-purpose, rule based classifier which explores the structured feature space and learns effective rules at multiple levels of granularity. Compared to related work in classification or clustering of moving objects, Rule- and Motif-based Anomaly Detection in moving objects incorporates a fuller feature space and examines more than just trajectories [17, 18]. At a high level, Rule- and Motif-based Anomaly Detection in moving objects presents three novel features. 1. Motif-based feature space: Instead of modeling whole trajectories, we partition them into fragments (motifs) and construct a multi-dimensional feature space oriented on the motifs with associated attributes [15]. 2. Automated hierarchy extraction: By examining he patterns in the trajectories, we automatically derive hierarchies in the feature space. This yields a multi-resolution view of the data [15]. 3. Hierarchical rule-based classifier: We develop a rule-based classifier which explores the hierarchical feature space and finds the effective regions for classification [16]. The problem of anomaly detection in moving object data is defined as follows. The input data is a set of labeled trajectories: D = {(t1, c1), (t2, c2), . . .}, where ti is a trajectory and ci is the associated class label. A trajectory1 is a sequence of spatiotemporal records of a moving object, in GPS records. Each record has the geographic location as well as a timestamp, and records can be made at arbitrary time intervals. The set of possible class labels is C = {c1, c2, .}. In simple anomaly detection, there could just be two classes: cnormal and cabnormal.To learn a function f which maps trajectories to class labels: f(t) ! c 2 C. f should be consistent with D as well as future trajectories not in D[18]. In other words, we want to learn a model which can classify trajectories as being normal or abnormal. E. RFID System Most RFID systems consist of tags that are attached to the objects to be identified [8]. Each tag has its own “read-only” or “rewrite” internal memory depending on the type and application. Typical configuration of this memory is to store product information, such as an object’s unique ID manufactured date, etc. The RFID reader generates magnetic fields that enable the RFID system to locate objects [4,5 ] (via the tags) that are within its range. The high-frequency electromagnetic energy and query signal generated by the reader triggers the tags to reply to the query; the query frequency could be up to 50 times per second. As a result communication between the main components of the system i.e. tags and reader is established. As a result large quantities of data are generated. The RFID system consists of various components which are integrated in a manner defined in the above section. This allows the RFID system to deduct the objects (tag) and perform various operations on it. The integration of RFID components enables the implementation of an RFID solution[ 9] . Fig:2 The RFID system consists of following five components Tag (attached with an object, unique identification).• Antenna (tag detector, creates magnetic field). • Reader (receiver of tag information, manipulator). • Communication infrastructure (enable reader/RFID to work through IT infrastructure). • Application software (user database/application/ interface).
III. PROPOSED MODEL Our proposed model is designed to satisfy the requirement of PDS using GPS, GIS, Remote Sensing Method with RFID & data mining approach.Fig:3 1. The data of the product is stored in the tag which will be attached to the product (eg: when the grain was harvested and procured, how long the grain was kept in warehouse, packaging and transportation details and point of sale information).2. GPS is used to track the product. RFID is used to Communication between tagged objects and GPS [6], to ascertain and communicate current position and status of the product.3. Data sent to servers on a regular basis, or when the object moves or upon request Satellite data coming from the networks captured at SDC. It is an interface capable of capturing information flowing from (such as network card on a machine) satellite.4. Rule- and Motif-based Anomaly Detection is used to track moving objects [15,16].The raw data storage store collected network data. Typically, it is a set of hard drives where an application dumps information passing through the SDC, usually according to some requirement.The Pre-processor handles the conversion of raw image or connection data image into a format that mining algorithms utilize and may store the result in the knowledge base. It can perform a range of duties, such as additional filtering, noise elimination, and include third party detection tool that recognize known disaster pattern of track.
The knowledge base stores rule produced by mining and any additional information used in the mining process [16]. It may also hold the information for the per-processor, such as patterns for recognizing attack and conversion templates.
The profiler is responsible for generating snapshot rule sets to be used for deviation analysis [2,3]. It can be triggered automatically based on time of day or the amount of pre-processed data available.
The deviation analyzer examines rule sets in the knowledge base and creates a description of difference by meta-learning [3]. The results are stored in the knowledge base for further reference. If necessary, it signals the alarm generator. A strategy for invoking the deviation analyzer could be periodic queries to the knowledge base for the availability of new profile. Alternatively, the profiler may signal the analyzer when new profile is deposited to the knowledge base.
The alarm generator is responsible for notifying the administrator when the deviation analyzer reports unusual pattern in the movement of product.
IV.CONCLUSION The effective use and implementation of RFID, GPS & data mining techniques in PDS can facilitate PDS supply chain and promise eradicating mismanagement, corruption, trafficking, theft and anti social elements. RFID provides highly accurate and detailed information by capturing the data and information at each stage of the supply chain, automatically. It also improves the safety and efficiency of the food supply chain. Locationing technology GPS can also be combined with RFID technology to automatically track and record the information regarding the field where the produce was picked, when and where it was transported and the current location of the produce. This also helps in reducing theft and trafficking. Data mining techniques based on the rule base classification model is used to identify the suspicious moving behavior of the objects.
V.REFERENCES
[1] Ester M., Kriegel H.-P., Sander J.: Spatial Data Mining: A Database Approach, Proc. 5th Int. Symposium on Large Spatial Databases (SSD’97), Berlin, Germany, 1997, pp. 47-66. [2] Ester M., Gundlach S., Kriegel H.-P., Sander J.: Database Primitives for Spatial Data Mining, Proc. 8. GI-Fachtagung Datenbanksysteme in Büro, Technik und Wissenschaft (BTW’99) (Int. Conf. on Databases in Office, Engineering and Science), Freiburg, Germany, 1999, pp. 137-150. [3] Ester M., Kriegel H.-P., Sander J.: Knowledge Discovery in Spatial Databases, invited paper at 23rd German Conf. on Artificial Intelligence (KI ’99), Bonn, Germany, in: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 1701, 1999, pp. 61-74. [4] J. Bohn, “Prototypical implementation of location-aware services based on a middleware architecture for super-distributed RFID tag infrastructures”, Pers Ubiquit omputing, (2008) Journal 12:155-166. [5] J. Schwieren1, G. Vossen, “A Design and Development Methodology for Mobile RFID Applications based on the ID-Services Middleware Architecture”, IEEE Computer Society, (2009), Tenth International Conference on Mobile Data Management: Systems, Service and Middleware. [6] K. Ahsan, H. Shah, P. Kingston, “Context Based Knowledge Management in Healthcare: An EA Approach”, AMCIS 2009, Available at AIS library. [7] S. Garfinkel, B. Rosenberg, “RFID Application, Security, and Privacy”, USA, (2005), ISBN: 0-321-29096-8. [8] L. Srivastava, RFID: Technology, Applications and Policy Implications, Presentation, International Telecommunication Union, Kenya, (2005). [9] Application Notes, “Introduction to RFID Technology” CAENRFID: The Art of Identification (2008). [10] Jiawei Han, Micheline Kamber, “Data Mining Concept and Techniques” Morgan Kaufmann Publisheres 2001 [11] Michael J.A.Berry, and Gordon S. Linoff, “Data Mining Techniques: for marketing, sales, and customer support”. Taiwan: SuperPoll.net, Inc. January [12] He-Hai Wu, Jian-Ya Gong, “Geographic Information Systems Spatial Data Structure and Process Technology”. China: Surveying and Drawing Publisheres , April 1997. ISBN 7-5030-0937-3 [13] Peng Hu, Xing-Yuan Huang, Yi-Xin Hua, “Geographic Information SystemsCourse”. China: Wuhan University Publisheres , February 2002. ISBN [14] H. Cao and O. Wolfson. Nonmaterialized motion information in transport networks. In ICDT’05. [15] B. Chiu, E. Keogh, and S. Lonardi. Probabilistic discovery of time series motifs. In KDD’03. [16] Fran¸cois Denis. Pac learning from positive statistical queries. In ALT’98. [17] L. Forlizzi, R. H. G¨uting, E. Nardelli, and M. Schneider. A data model and data structures for moving objects databases. In SIGMOD’00. [18] S. Gaffney and P. Smyth. Trajectory clustering with mixtures of regression models. In KDD’99.
About the Author
Ms.S.Ranjithakumari & Kathiresan.V,
Assistant Professor,School of Computer Studies,
RVS CAS,SULUR-402,
TAMILNADU
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